sargon ii israël

17 Jan sargon ii israël

[20] Reliefs adorning the walls within the palace depicted scenes of Sargon's conquests, especially the Urartu campaign and Sargon's sack of Musasir. The reasoning behind this route was probably not fear of Urartu's fortifications but rather because Sargon knew that the Urartians anticipated him to attack through the Kel-i-šin pass. Sargon himself appears to have mainly connected his name to justice. Written by Joshua J. [28] After the battle, Sargon besieged Dur-Jakin but was unable to take the city. With order restored, Sargon returned to Kalhu and forced 6,000–6,300 "guilty Assyrians" or "ungrateful citizens", people who had either rebelled in the heartland of the empire or had failed to support Sargon's rise to the throne, to move to Syria and rebuild Hamath and the other cities destroyed or damaged in the conflict. Through study of his greatest building project, Dur-Sharrukin, he has been seen as a patron of the arts and culture and he was a prolific builder of monuments and temples, both in Dur-Sharrukin and elsewhere. Sargon II brought the Assyrian Empire to its greatest height politically and militarily. [53], Prior to the rediscovery of Dur-Sharrukin in the 1840s, Sargon was an obscure figure in Assyriology. Sargon's response to this insurrection was to immediately march his army to defeat Marduk-apla-iddina. [14] Shalmaneser is only mentioned in one of Sargon's inscriptions: Shalmaneser, who did not fear the king of the world, whose hands have brought sacrilege in this city [Assur], put on his people, he imposed the compulsory work and a heavy corvée, paid them like a working class. Israel. Later, in 701 B.C., when King Hezekiah of Judah withheld Assyrian tribute, Sargon II’s successor, Sennacherib, His birth name is unknown as is whatever position he held at court prior to assuming the throne. The Urartian forces were always able to slip away into the mountains after an engagement, re-group, and then return to harass the empire. Usurper. None of Sennacherib’s inscriptions mention his father at all and no building or monument was raised in his name. Ancient History Encyclopedia Limited is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. [7], After a reign of only five years, Tiglath-Pileser's son Shalmaneser V was replaced as king by Sargon, supposedly another of Tiglath-Pileser's sons. die heerser van die Nieu-Assiriese Ryk geword ná die dood van Salmaneser V.In sy inskripsies beeld hy homself uit as ’n nuwe persoon en verwys selde na sy voorgangers. I made the support troops and foot solders follow them, and the camels and pack mules jumped over the peaks like goats raised in the mountains. 721–705 b.c.e. [19], The site in Khorsabad suffered extensive damage during the Iraqi Civil War of 2014–2017, allegedly being looted by the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant in the spring of 2015 and in October 2016, the site was damaged as Kurdish Peshmerga forces bulldozed and built large military posts on top of archaeological remains. Whether he was the son of Tiglath-Pileser or not, Sargon wished to stand apart from his predecessors and is today seen as the founder of Assyria's final ruling dynasty, the Sargonid dynasty. Dur-Sharrukin was abandoned immediately and the capital moved to Nineveh by Sargon’s successor, Sennacherib. Sargon II also refers to Shalmaneser V as his brother by blood and not `brother’ a… [11], Sargon's decision was a costly one; on the longer route he had to cross several mountains with his entire army and this, combined with the greater distance, made the campaign take longer time than a direct attack would have. Sargon II writes of them respectfully, even though they were his enemies, as noted by Bauer: Sargon’s own accounts speak admiringly of the Urartian king Rusas and the network of canals and wells which he built; of the herds of well-bred and guarded horses, raised in protected valleys until they were needed for war; of the splendid efficiency of Urartian communication, with watchtowers built high on mountain peaks, guarding heaps of fuel that could be lit at a moment’s notice. [37] The king sought to project an image of piety, justice, energy, intelligence and strength. In these same inscriptions, Sargon II notes the existence of the qanat system of irrigation which would become instrumental in the later Achaemenid Empire under Cyrus II (the Great, r. c. 550-530 BCE). Now many nations squirming under the yoke of Assyrian hegemony saw Sargon II’s death as an opportunity to rebel. The Assyrian records are silent on how he died. Hy het in 722 v.C. By not entering Urartu through the mountain pass, Sargon avoided having to fight in terrain the Urartians were more experienced with. In the lands surrounding a river called the Uknu, Sargon's forces defeated Aramean and Elamite soldiers, which would prevent these peoples aiding Marduk-apla-iddina. Sargon II’s army was repelled by the Elamites (the Babylonians arrived too late to have any effect) and left the field; and so he lost the city of Babylon and the regions of the south. The death of the king and loss of his body were considered an enormous tragedy and an evil omen. He called his personal bodyguard around him and then, as Bauer writes: He led them in a frantic and suicidal attack on the nearest wing of Rusas’s force. Though Tiglath-Pileser is known to have been a usurper, Sennacherib was the legitimate son and heir of Sargon. Though much what was excavated at Dur-Sharrukin was left at Khorsabad, reliefs and other artefacts have since been transported away and are today exhibited across the world, notably at the Louvre, the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago and the Iraq Museum. I could give no ease to their weariness, no water to quench their thirst.” He selected a battlefield and deployed his troops just as King Rusas arrived with his forces for battle; but Sargon’s army would not fight. Sargon II’s inscription regarding what followed reads: "The Elamite scoundrel accepted his bribe but feared my military power; so he blocked Merodach-Baladan’s way and forbade him to go into Elam.” Merodach-Baladan fled to his native city of Bit-Yakin on the Persian Gulf where Sargon II’s forces followed him, attacked, and destroyed the city. was ’n Assiriese koning. The Kingdom of Urartu had been conquered by his father but never completely so. He practiced an ancient Mesopotamian religion, had multiple … The army had, by this time, been marching through hard terrain in early summer and, though they had been resupplied and watered by previously conquered Medes, they were exhausted by the time they made final camp. He allowed Merodach-Baladan to live, however, and this decision has mystified historians and scholars ever since. Through his military campaigns aimed at world conquest, Sargon II aspired to follow in the footsteps of his ancient namesake. Servants at Dur-Sharukkin (Khorsabad)by Jastrow (Public Domain). What role he played in his father’s administration is unknown as no inscriptions identify Tiglath Pileser III’s younger son by name. Furthermore, Tiglath-Pileser began a successful series of conquests, subjugating the kingdoms of Babylon and Urartu and conquering the Mediterranean coastline. "Sargon II." The difficulty lay in their strategically located kingdom which was nestled in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains and heavily defended. The king had an extensive spy network, useful for administration and military activities, and employed well-trained scouts for reconnaissance when on campaign. First Chronicles 5:26 notes, “So the God of Israel stirred up the spirit of Pul king of Assyria, the spirit of Tiglath-pileser king of Assyria, and he took them into exile, namely, the Reubenites, the … The wing gave ground in the face of his desperate savagery; and according to his own account, Sargon’s army, seeing him fling himself into the line, took courage and followed him in. Sargon spent some time at Dur-Nabu, sending his troops on expeditions to the east and south to make the people living there submit to his rule. Assur-etil-ilani (626-607 B.C.) Sargon II used many of the most prestigious ancient Mesopotamian royal titles to signify his desire to reach this goal, such as "king of the universe" and "king of the four corners of the world". It is possible that he had some form of priestly role since he showed repeated affection for religious institutions throughout his reign and he might have been the important sukkallu ("vizier") of the city Harran. [42], Though not as famous as Sargon of Akkad, who had become legendary even in Sargon II's time, the large amount of sources left behind from Sargon II's reign means that he is better known from historical sources than the Akkadian king. Sargon II, therefore, set the vanguard of his army to clearing a path for his forces to proceed. After the Babylonian conquest he resided at Babylon for three years, with his crown prince and heir Sennacherib serving as regent in Assyria, but he moved to Dur-Sharrukin upon its near completion in 706 BC. Sargon's reign was immediately preceded by the reigns of the two kings Tiglath-Pileser III (r. 745–727 BC) and Shalmaneser V (r. 727–722 BC). [24] Furthermore, the Assyrians were primarily lowland fighters with no experience in mountain warfare. and conquered the northern kingdom of Israel (2 Kings 17:6). The revolt of Israel against Assyria during the days of King Hoshea, last king of Israel, brought on a siege by the Assyrians (1 Kings 17). One beacon, lit, flared up on its mountaintop into an enormous bonfire that appeared as a spark to the next distant post, where the next bonfire could then be lit. Archer Relief, Khorsabadby Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin (CC BY-NC-SA). When King Hoshea of Israel rebelled (2 Kings 17), Shalmaneser marched via Bit-Adini to besiege Samaria and attack Tyre. There was little the small kingdom could do to resist Assyria, and so it was conquered by Sargon. [10] A minor 704 BC[49] campaign (unmentioned in Sennacherib's later historical accounts), led by Sennacherib's magnates rather than the king himself, was sent against Tabal in order to avenge Sargon. Notably, his prolonged siege of Samaria, which had lasted three years, was still ongoing by the time of his death. I made the surging flood of Assyrians easily cross over its difficult height and on top of that mountain I set up camp. [54] Scholars were puzzled by the mention of the obscure Sargon and tended to identify him with one of the better known kings, either Shalmaneser V, Sennacherib or Esarhaddon. Dubovský, 'Tiglath-pileser III's campaigns in 734-732 B.C. He understood, however, that these kinds of invasions would continue and he would have to repeatedly expend time and resources in dealing with them. This conquest allowed Sargon to secure Pisiri's large treasury, including 330 kilograms of purified gold, large amounts of bronze, tin, ivory and iron and over 60 tonnes of silver. The siege was led by Shalmaneser V, King of Assyria (there is no known relief depiction of Shalmaneser V). He paused at the city of Mushashir, however, sacked it, and plundered the holy temple of Haldi carrying off literally tons of gold, silver, and precious gems. He appointed his son, the crown prince Sennacherib, as his administrator and then set out on campaign. Sargon, determined to not surrender or retreat, called upon his personal bodyguard and led them in a brutal and almost suicidal attack against the nearest portions of Rusa's army. Fearing the same fate would befall him, Sargon's heir Sennacherib abandoned Dur-Sharrukin immediately and moved the capital to Nineveh. Web. The History of the Ancient World: From the Earliest Accounts to the... A History of the Ancient Near East ca. Books Following the three year siege of the city Sargon II exiled all of the inhabitants of Israel and the incident became the basis for the legend of the Ten Lost Trib… They completely lacked a fleet. Everything in the city; two gigentic platforms (one housing the royal arsenal, the other housing the temples and the palace), the fortified city wall and seven monumental city gates where constructed completely from scratch. INSCRIPTIONS OF SARGON II COS 2.118A, p. 293 Sargon's 707 BC stele from Cyprus accords the king the following titulature: Sargon, the great king, the mighty king, king of the universe, king of Assyria, viceroy of Babylon, king of Sumer and Akkad, king of the four regions of the earth, favorite of the great gods, who go before me; Assur, Nabû and Marduk have intrusted to me an unrivaled kingdom and have caused my gracious name to attain unto highest renown.[57]. ". [7] Among the most prolific early rebels against Sargon were several of the previously independent kingdoms in the Levant, such as Damascus, Hamath and Arpad. Sargon returned with the Assyrian army in 720 BC, and pacified the province, deporting the citizens of Israel beyond the Euphrates (some 27,290 according to the inscription of Sargon II), and settling people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath and Sepharvaim in … With Israel conquered and his brother’s military campaigns brought to a conclusion, Sargon II turned his attention to the regions of the empire which had revolted against him. The Kingdom of Israel had existed from roughly 930s BCE, until until about 720s BCE. Carchemish was positioned at a crossroads between Assyria, Anatolia and the Mediterranean, controlled an important crossing of the Euphrates and had for centuries profited from international trade. In doing so, he was simply following Assyrian political and military procedure which had been initiated by the king Adad-Nirari I (r. 1307-1275 BCE) and practiced ever since. Another alternative is that Šarru-kīn is a phonetic reproduction of the contracted pronunciation of Šarru-ukīn to Šarrukīn, which means that it should be interpreted as "the king has obtained/established order", possibly referencing disorder either during the reign of his predecessor or disorder created by Sargon's usurpation. The king probably took the name Sargon from the legendary ruler Sargon of Akkad, who had founded the Akkadian Empire and ruled most of Mesopotamia almost two thousand years prior. [56], The modern image of Sargon derives from his own inscriptions from Dur-Sharrukin and the work of later Mesopotamian chroniclers. [24], Once Sargon reached the land of Gilzanu, near Lake Urmia, he made camp and began considering his next move. To triumph, Sargon needed to defeat Urartu once and for all, a task which had been impossible for previous Assyrian kings due to the kingdom's strategic location in the foothills of the Taurus Mountains; when the Assyrians invaded, the Urartians usually simply retreated into the mountains to regroup and later return. Sargon II reports, “I burned it with fire and even its foundations were torn up.". For only $5 per month you can become a member and support our mission to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Brief overview of The Destruction of the Northern Kingdom of Israel in 722 BC as recorded in the Old Testament during the period of the Kings of Judah. Cite This Work Before Tiglath-Pileser came to the throne in 745 BC, Assyria had been continually ruled by the Adaside dynasty since the 18th century BC, a timespan of roughly a thousand years. Sargon II left Kalhu at the head of his army and met the combined forces of Babylon and Elam in battle on the plains outside of the city of Dur. A full-scale assault was made in 715 BC, during which the Urartians successfully seized 22 Assyrian border cities. "Sargon II's Ascent to the Throne: The Political Situation. He therefore launched his invasion of Urartu in 714 BCE to carefully avoid an obvious frontal attack. Mark, Joshua J. As this portion of the Urartian army fled, the rest of the Assyrian army was inspired by Sargon personally leading the charge and followed their king into battle. [27], Sargon then turned to attack Babylon itself, marching his forces towards the city from the southeast. He took personal interest in every aspect of the city’s construction. [11], Having defeated his enemy and fearing that his army may turn on him if he pursued Rusa into the mountains or pushed them further into Urartu, Sargon decided to march back to Assyria. Only vassal kings part of the Sargonid dynasty shown; for non-dynastic vassal kings and rebels during the Sargonid period, see, Conquest of Carchemish and dealings with Urartu, Oriental Institute Museum at the University of Chicago, Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago, Ninth Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire, "New sources for Sennacherib's "first campaign, "The Great City: Nineveh in the Age of Sennacherib", "The Quest for Sargon, Pul and Tiglath-Pileser in the Nineteenth Century", "Name Midrashim and Word Plays on Names in Akkadian Historical Writings", "Some remarks on Sargon II's eighth campaign of 714 BC", "The stele of Sargon II of Assyria at Kition: A focus for an emerging Cypriot identity? Last modified July 03, 2014. [11] Sargon did not immediately march to Babylon, instead marching alongside the eastern bank of the river Tigris until he reached the city Dur-Athara, near a river the Assyrians called the Surappu. Assyrian king Sargon II (r. 721–705 B.C.E.) In 720 BC, the Assyrians and Elamites (the Babylonians arriving too late to the battlefield to actually fight) met in battle at the plains outside the city Der, the same battlefield where the Persians two centuries later would defeat the forces of the last Babylonian king, Nabonidus. His body could not be recovered by the soldiers and was lost to the enemy.[11][20]. Sargon II: Sargon II (762 BC - 705 BC) was a king of many kingdoms from 722 BC until 705 BC. Neo-Assyrian Empireby Ningyou (Public Domain). (375). The only reason scholars know Sargon II was Tiglath Pileser III’s son is from Sargon II’s own inscriptions and court documents from his reign. Mark, J. J. Sargon is the Hebrew rendering (Isaiah 20:1) of Assyrian Sharru-kin, a throne name meaning “the king is legitimate.” The name was undoubtedly chosen in reminiscence of two former kings of Assyria, particularly in commemoration of Sargon of Akkad (flourished 2300 bce).. The king of Assyria brought people from Babylon, Cuthah, Avva, Hamath, and Sepharvaim, and placed them in the cities of Samaria in place of the people of Israel; they took possession of Samaria, and settle in its cities (2 Kings 17.24).. Sargon II succeeded Shalmaneser V as king of Assyria during or shortly after the siege of Samaria, which is described in 2 Kings … These treasures were used by Marduk-apla-iddina in an attempt to gain asylum in Elam, offering them as a bribe to the Elamite king Shutur-Nahhunte II in order to be admitted entry into his country. After defeating the rebels, King Sargon II turned Israel into the province of Samaria and claimed in the so-called Great Summary Inscription that he took more than 27,000 Israelites as booty. Sargon, whose Akkadian name (Sharrukin) means “the king is legitimate,” overthrew the Assyrian king Shalmaneser V (726-722 b.c.e. With a projected area of almost three square kilometres, the city was to be the largest city in Assyria and Sargon began irrigation projects to provide water for the massive amount of agriculture which would be required to sustain the city's inhabitants. Bible History Online. [5] Tiglath-Pileser's claim to relation with the preceding dynasty appears only in king lists, in his own personal inscriptions there is a noticeable lack of familial references (otherwise common in inscriptions by Assyrian kings) and these instead stress that he had been called upon and personally appointed by Assur, the god of Assyria. Sargon as such likely sought to emulate aspects of the ancient Akkadian king. Sargon II again returned to Kalhu and set his administration in order. Sargon’s inscriptions record that he deported 27,290 Israelites from their homeland and re-settled them to regions throughout the empire from Anatolia across to the Zagros Mountains (the extent of the Assyrian Empire under his reign, cited in Pritchard, p. 195). https://www.ancient.eu/Sargon_II/. [11] Once Sargon had crossed the Tigris and one of the branches of the Euphrates and arrived at the city Dur-Ladinni, near Babylon, Marduk-apla-iddina became frightened, possibly because he either had little true support from the people and priesthood of Babylon or because most of his army had already been defeated at Dur-Athara. Two previous ancient Mesopotamian kings had used the name Sargon; Sargon I, a minor Assyrian king of the 19th century BC, and the far more famous Sargon of Akkad, who had ruled most of Mesopotamia as the first king of the Akkadian Empire in the 24th to 23rd centuries BC. [11][20] Sargon, who apparently did not realize the true threat represented by a minor country such as Tabal (which had recently been strengthened through an alliance with the Cimmerians, a people which would return in later years to plague the Assyrians), charged at the enemy personally and met a violent end in battle,[34] to the shock of his army. [43] Like all other Assyrian kings, Sargon went to great lengths to leave behind testimonies to his glory, striving to outdo the accomplishments of his predecessors, creating detailed annals and a vast amount of royal inscriptions and erecting stelae and monuments to commememorate his conquests and mark the borders of his empire. His successful military innovations, including replacing conscription with levies being supplied from each province, made the Assyrian army one of the most effective armies assembled up until that point.

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