théorie du skopos

17 Jan théorie du skopos

The God's Word Translation (GW) is an English translation of the Bible translated by the God's Word to the Nations Society. Firstly, a general purpose that a translator strives for, such as translating as a source of professional income. Autores: Elisabeth Lavault-Olléon Localización: Meta: Journal des traducteurs = translators' journal, ISSN 0026-0452, Vol. skopos: tavoite, päämäärä) on Hans Vermeerin ja Katharina Reissin 1980-luvulla kehittämä yleinen käännösteoria, joka on toiminut lähtökohtana funktionaalisten käännösteorioiden synnylle. [36] On the other hand, a version known as the International Children’s Bible is concerned with translating the language of the Bible into simple English to increase accessibility for readers with less proficiency in English. [18] In addition, the skopos of the translation is determined by a translation brief or translation commission, otherwise referred to as an “intercultural operative”. Supporters of formal translation such as the King James Version criticize translations that use dynamic equivalence because the accuracy is compromised because this technique tends to reword the meaning of the text instead of translating it accurately in a word for word fashion. [31] This will allow the meaning of both the English and Chinese translations to be accurate and adequate. Lushan Translation With Chinese opening and reform policy, more and more foreigners come to China for sightseeing. Another issue is that literary and religious text involve particularly expressive and stylistic language where translations cannot operate based on the Skopos Theory. [1] Nevertheless, the application of Skopos Theory can still be applied to non-literary texts that have established purposes, fulfil formal equivalence. La visée du texte d'origine est moins importante que celle du texte cible, ce qui s'oppose aux théories qui valorisent … It is an interdisciplinary academic field closely related to literary criticism and translation theory. Skopos Theory also does not dictate a specific principle to adopt for a translation commission, [12] providing translators the decisive power to choose from a variety of strategies. [38], A single version may also serve multiple functions, hence it is possible for multiple purposes to be identified for the same target text, but it is argued that there should be a hierarchy of importance. In advertising translation, the Skopos rule plays an important role. The third ‘overarching’ rule necessitates intertextual coherence between the source and target texts as target texts are produced in accordance to the information offered by source texts. Many supporters of the King James Version are disappointed with the departure from this translation to newer translations that use the Critical Text instead of the Byzantine text as the base text. [1] Paul Kussmaul illustrates skopos theory as "the functional approach has a great affinity with skopos theory. Legal translation is the translation of legal and interlingual information. [14] Action theory, however, has a broader scope than Skopos Theory. Skopos theory (German: Skopostheorie), a niche theory in the field of translation studies, employs the prime principle of a purposeful action that determines a translation strategy. Additionally, with the tool of a translation brief, it provides translators with an explicit guideline discussed with the client. "[9], According to Vermeer, there are three possible types of purposes. [20] This leaves out the intricacies of the source language[20] and sentence meanings such as the lexical, syntactic and stylistic properties. Secondly, because linguistics has not yet formulated the right questions to tackle our problems. [20], Apart from the above elaborated general Skopos Theory, Skopos Theory (as a concept) was later further developed by various academics in the field of translation, distinguishing its development into four stages[1] two of which were combined in a later collaboration of which the beginnings of the modern Skopos Theory could be said to have originated from. It fundamentally means translating the meaning of each whole sentence before moving on to the next, and stands in normative opposition to word-for-word translation. Thus, with the explicit purpose identified, the translator will be able to follow it closely and choose the appropriate translation strategy to execute the commission. WikiMili. [1], The theory first appeared in an article published by linguist Hans Josef Vermeer in the German Journal Lebende Sprachen, 1978. Mais malheureusement, la pratique du sous-titrage reste toujours inconnue en Iran. 1. [31] The Fidelity rule revolves around the maintenance of coherence from the source text to the target text. Vinay, J-P & J. Darbelnet, J 1972. [12], According to Vermeer, the Action Theory underpins Skopos Theory in that every action is steered by a purpose. La question se pose alors de savoir qui doit décider du principe à adopter. 4. [31]. Traduction et terminologie: theories, pratiques, formation - Bucuria Lecturii - Comandă online! A translatum is an offer of information in a target culture and language concerning an offer of information in a source culture and source language. This pinpoints appropriate translation strategies that the translator can adopt, fulfilling the factor of ‘adequacy’ and the needs of the client. a specification of the aim of the commission; (2) the conditions under which the intended goal should be attained (naturally including practical matters such as deadline and fee). The intentionality of a translational action stated in a translation brief, the directives, and the rules guide a tran. Using her personal experience of translating Mr. Wolf’s Hotline, a book comprising 47 Chinese children’s stories by Wang Yizhen, a contemporary Chinese writer, in light of the Skopos and text-type theories of functional approach in particular, the author has outlined the strategies and methods adopted in her translations in terms of language, structure and culture. 0. The theory treats the source text as an "offer of information in a target culture" and this view is seen as a consequence of constructivist comprehension theories. Advertising translation focuses on preserving the persuasive aspect of an advertisement and adjusting it to suit the target market and culture in a translational action. A translatum does not initiate an offer of information in a clearly reversible way. It is a modular text-type (Price, 2013) whose precursory, mutable and multifunctional nature poses a serious challenge to functionalist translation theories. Numerous criticisms have been addressed toward the application of Skopos theory within translation studies. [38] Andy Cheung, writing on the application of the theory to Bible translation, suggests that it is possible to possess the function of translating the Bible into English for everyday usage and have a sub-skopos of ensuring accessibility for Second Language English users simultaneously. The second rule, the Coherence rule, imposes unto translators the requirement that any target text should make sense according to the target culture of the target language so that the receivers can make sense of it. meaning. The Fidelity rule differs from ‘faithfulness’ as the latter is static and unchanging compared to the dynamic nature of the former, where form and degree of the translation changes depending on the translator’s interpretation of the source text. Until the late Middle Ages, the Western Church used the Latin Vulgate almost entirely while the Eastern Church, centered in Constantinople, mostly used the Greek Byzantine text. [5], While this rule is highly similar to the ‘faithfulness’ aspect in previous equivalence translation theories, one significant difference distinguishes them from each other. "Ein Rahmen für eine allgemeine Translationstheorie". It means that “a translation action is determined by its skopos, that is “the end justifies the means.” (Nord 2001:29). Firstly, a general purpose that a translator strives for, such as translating as a source of professional income. [41] Delving into the purpose of the translational action and not touching on an underlying linguistic analysis may not necessarily achieve the intended aptitude of the target language. The theory treats the source text as an "offer of information in a target culture" and this view is seen as a consequence of constructivist comprehension theories. While the presence of specialized terminology is a feature of technical texts, specialized terminology alone is not sufficient for classifying a text as "technical" since numerous disciplines and subjects which are not "technical" possess what can be regarded as specialized terminology. Paris: Didier. The acts of meritorious service and repentance are forms of performance and thus, the translation of “表现” (Eng: performance) would be redundant. A translatum must be internally coherent. [ citation needed ]. 2. These aforementioned factors can be consistently linked to and/or from special theories, [20] developing to be more functional and target-oriented. In accordance to this, the form of the target text would be determined by both the translator’s interpretation of the source text and the translation’s purpose. [20] This shift had been motivated by the Communication Theory, Action Theory, Text Linguistics and Text Theory,  and the orientation towards Reception Theory in Literary Studies. 6. A translatum is determined by its Skopos. Technical translation covers the translation of many kinds of specialized texts and requires a high level of subject knowledge and mastery of the relevant terminology and writing conventions. Cet article tente de mettre en évidence le bien-fondé d'une approche orientée culturellement des études de traduction, et la théorie du "skopos" telle qu'elle est préconisée par Hans J. Vermeer pour la communication interculturelle de la traduction publicitaire. 3, 2006, págs. [5] Since translating is a form of translational action that involves intentional communication (or interaction, if it affects two or more agents) and transition, there must be a purpose associated with it. Another merit to the Skopos Theory is that under it, students are presented with opportunities to develop their creativity, pragmatic and analytical skills as they have the liberty to choose from multiple translation strategies depending on the purpose of the translational action, such as domestication or foreignization. Biblical translation has been employed since the first translations were made from the Hebrew Bible into Greek and Aramaic. [17], A commission should comprise as much detailed information as possible on the following (1) the goal, i.e. … [2], As a realisation of James Holmes’ map of Translation Studies (1972), [3] [4] Skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory [5] that emerged around the late twentieth century. Théorie du skopos. Vermeer, H. J. Main Themes: Théorie du SKOPOS, Traduction pour l'oralité et la performance, MAP, Critique Textuelle, Analyse du Discours, and Exégèse et traduction interculturelles. [citation needed] Thus, under this interpretation, intratextual coherence would specify that a translation is only considered adequate if the receivers can understand the text and interpret it to be coherent with the communicative situation and culture. noun. An approach to children's literature". Intransparency in translation can be avoided somewhat by use of Latin legal terminology, where possible, but in non-western languages debates are centered on the origins and precedents of specific terms, such as in the use of particular Chinese characters in Japanese legal discussions. She described translation as a triangular process: from one language to sense and from sense to the other language. [13] Other scholars suggest that, in the translation of materials, contextual factors have to be considered in the process such as the culture of the reader as well as the client who initiated the translation. [20] According to the second rule of Skopos Theory, the source text acts as the originator of information that gets assimilated into the target text as the offer of information in a target language and culture (link to the rules above). Lähdeviittaus tähän sivuun: Tieteen termipankki 5.08.2020: Nimitys:théorie du skopos. [1] Vermeer provided several axioms or theses in order to contextualize Skopos Theory as a form of action theory and these include the claim that the Skopos of acting determines the strategy for obtaining the intended goal. [3] Unlike past translation theories that focus on linguistics and equivalence based translations at a micro level, the translatum in skopos theory does not require functional equivalence to the source text, as the goal of skopos theory places emphasis on the purpose of the translational action instead. La théorie n'impose pas un principe en particulier, celui-ci étant par ailleurs différent pour chaque nouvelle situation traductionnelle (1989b : 182). [1] Vermeer provided several axioms or theses in order to contextualize Skopos Theory as a form of action theory and these include the claim that the Skopos of acting determines the strategy for obtaining the intended goal. [ citation needed ] Thus, under this interpretation, intratextual coherence would specify that a translation is only considered adequate if the receivers can understand the text and interpret it to be coherent with the communicative situation and culture. [5], Under this perspective, he determined that the purely linguistic approaches to translation then were flawed and the translation issues at hand would be problematic to solve. Le skopos comme stratégie de déblocage: dialecte et scotticité dans Sunset Song de Lewis Grassic Gibbon. Avec la croissance rapide du secteur touristique de la Chine, une nouvelle étude dans la traduction d'anglais … La théorie du skopos présente la traduction sous l'angle de son utilité. [31], 对于被判处拘役、三年以下有期徒刑的犯罪分子,根据犯罪分子的犯罪情节和悔罪表现, 适用缓刑确实不致再危害社会的,可以宣告缓刑。, A suspension of sentence may be granted to a criminal sentenced to criminal detention or to fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years if, according to the circumstances of his crime and his demonstration of repentance, it is certain that suspension of the sentence will not result in further harm to society.[31]. [20] However, Skopos Theory does not take much account of the source text but treats the end (target text) as its means. [31] This includes the translation of civil and criminal justice systems documents such as contracts, licenses, trademarks and copyrights, litigation agreements, regulations, etc. [12] The new dimension that highlights a purpose can provide translators a faster and clearer direction to attain their goals of the target text. [5] The factor of ‘loyalty’ introduced by Nord can reduce this limitation by examining “the interpersonal relationship between the translator, the source-text sender, the target-text addressees and the initiator”. A translatum must be coherent with the source text. [20] According to the second rule of Skopos Theory, the source text acts as the originator of information that gets assimilated into the target text as the offer of information in a target language and culture (link to the rules above). [2], As a realisation of James Holmes’ map of Translation Studies (1972),[3][4] Skopos theory is the core of the four approaches of German functionalist translation theory[5] that emerged around the late twentieth century. Literal translation, direct translation or word-for-word translation, is a translation of a text done by translating each word separately, without looking at how the words are used together in a phrase or sentence. [5], While this rule is highly similar to the ‘faithfulness’ aspect in previous equivalence translation theories, one significant difference distinguishes them from each other. [24] Specifically, the combination of the general Skopos Theory [2] and Katharina Reiß’s Functional Category model [25] introduced in their collaborative articles in 1984 and 1991. [38], A single version may also serve multiple functions, hence it is possible for multiple purposes to be identified for the same target text, but it is argued that there should be a hierarchy of importance. The six underlying directives are:[24]. [22] [23] Many of the factors it adopted from the Action Theory became essential in the late twentieth century due to the growing demand for non-literary text translations. Thirdly, the purpose of a translation strategy or approach, such as to exhibit the structural traits of the source language. [20] However, Vermeer argues that a translational action without a purpose would not be considered as an action to begin with. [20] This may result in the translational action being considered as an adaptation rather than a translation [19] [20] as Skopos Theory is made to be suitable for any text with a stated purpose. La traduction se fait toujours dans le but de générer un texte cible, dans un contexte particulier, une culture particulière et pour un public particulier. [1] Koller states that in a translation proper, the source text is an indicator that allows the target text to be measured independently based on the purpose of the translational action. Secondly, because linguistics has not yet formulated the right questions to tackle our problems. [31] This is applicable to legal translations as legal texts are required to be precise in the definition of terms and the demarcation of its limits. A translatum must be coherent with the source text. Domestication is the strategy of making text closely conform to the culture of the language being translated to, which may involve the loss of information from the source text. It is also debatable that not all actions have an intention and not all translations involve a purpose as observed in literary texts and art that are stylistically complex, unlike in political and business texts. [31] This is applicable to legal translations as legal texts are required to be precise in the definition of terms and the demarcation of its limits. [17] However, when the client does not explicitly provide the detailed translation commission, probably due to the unfamiliarity with intercultural communication, the translator ought to negotiate and provide directions on whether the source text has to be translated and the type of target text needed to achieve the purpose, which is the skopos. (1978). [38] Cheung raises the fact that while Psalm 84:3a could have been translated as "Birds find nooks and crannies in your house",  the version used in The Living Bible is more suitable: "Even the sparrows and swallows are welcome to come and nest among your altars". The former falls under the Coherence rule which is linked to internal textual coherence, and the latter, the fidelity rule which is linked to intertextual coherence with the source text. [1] The fourth and fifth directives reiterate the general Skopos “rules” concerning the manner of judging success of the action and information transfer. 3. [18]. [20] This leaves out the intricacies of the source language [20] and sentence meanings such as the lexical, syntactic and stylistic properties. 504-523 Idioma: francés Enlaces. [16] It states the instruction to execute an assigned action, that is “to translate”. [34] [35], There are many different translated versions of the Bible operating on different purposes. Cet article tente de mettre en évidence le bien-fondé d'une approche orientée culturellement des études de traduction, et la théorie du "skopos" telle qu'elle est préconisée par Hans J. Vermeer pour la communication interculturelle de la traduction publicitaire.L'annonceur joue le rôle-clé de Traducteur Initiateur (TI) dans le processus de traduction, en faisant ressortir le skopos à réaliser par le … This means that modifications when transferring from source text to target text are appropriate in certain contexts so long the transferred element possesses the same amount of conventionality in the target culture as the original did in the source culture. "Ein Rahmen für eine allgemeine Translationstheorie". Fondée sur la théorie cognitive de la métaphore (Lakoff and Johnson 1980, 1999 ; Lakoff 1987 ; Johnson 1987 ; Lakoff 1993), l'analyse a permis d'identifier deux métaphores conceptuelles qui ont joué un rôle crucial dans l'élaboration de la … Any criminal who performs major meritorious services may be given a mitigated punishment or be exempted from punishment. Justa Holz-Mänttäri is a German-born Finnish translation scholar. ", https://dspace.aus.edu:8443/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11073/8097/29.232-2015.08%20Khalil%20Haddad.pdf;jsessionid=102309D0F587B2BC49E3F3AD8BF0FF26?sequence=1, "Skopos Theory in the translation of online advertising from English into Arabic", "New American Standard Bible (NASB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com", "International Children's Bible (ICB) - Version Information - BibleGateway.com", "The Polysystem Theory. [1] In relation to this, Vermeer saw the act of translation as the production of text in specific target settings for specific purposes and people under specific circumstances. More than 450 translations into English have been written. The first and principal directive states that the target text will invariably fall back on the function of the translational action in any commission. Pourtant, le concept fondamental de la théorie du skopos de Vermeer étant « l’activité ciblée », celle-ci reste foncièrement pertinente pour un type de texte dont la fonction de base est d’initier sa propre traduction intersémiotique. Please translate the following passage into your LOTE. [5] In the case of the term ‘skopos’ in skopos theory, it refers to the second type of purpose. [20] This shift had been motivated by the Communication Theory, Action Theory, Text Linguistics and Text Theory,  and the orientation towards Reception Theory in Literary Studies. [19] Thus, Skopos Theory is not fully applicable to the wide stylistic genre of literature that includes literary texts. [20] This may result in the translational action being considered as an adaptation rather than a translation[19][20] as Skopos Theory is made to be suitable for any text with a stated purpose. [5] It is a technical term, coined by Hans Vermeer, that represents the aim of a translation. The English King James Version or "Authorized Version", published in 1611, has been one of the most debated English versions. Ces deux œuvres sont à la base du fonctionnalisme allemand des années 1980. The second rule of Skopostheorie is coherence rule, which states that the target text “must be Another merit to the Skopos Theory is that under it, students are presented with opportunities to develop their creativity, pragmatic and analytical skills as they have the liberty to choose from multiple translation strategies depending on the purpose of the translational action, such as domestication or foreignization. [1] Paul Kussmaul illustrates skopos theory as "the functional approach has a great affinity with skopos theory. In other words, under this rule, the receivers of the target text, as well as their cultural background and social circumstances, should all be taken into consideration as major factors to produce meaningful translations. Skopos and beyond A critical study of functionalism Buy Article: $30.62 + tax ... (1984). Essentially, Skopos Theory rejects equivalence-based translation theories based on their focus on the source text, the purposes of the source text’s author or the effects of a source text on its readers as conclusive determinants in translations. In advertising translation, the Skopos rule plays an important role. [1], Finally, the possibilities of employing an array of strategies are multifarious thus it may bring about inconsistencies in ensuring that the target text functions in its intended way which meets the expectations in its target language. ... réforme de la politique , il y a plus en plus des étrangers qui viennent voyager en Chine. [1], The three main rules of the Skopos Theory that encompass the six underlying directives are:[28].

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