postmoderne philosophie définition

17 Jan postmoderne philosophie définition

p. 276. Such a postmodernist believes that there is no objective natural reality, and that logic and reason are mere conceptual constructs that are not universally valid. Postmodernists dismiss this notion as a pipe dream and indeed as symptomatic of an unhealthy tendency within Enlightenment discourses to adopt “totalizing” systems of thought (as the French philosopher Emmanuel Lévinas called them) or grand “metanarratives” of human biological, historical, and social development (as the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard claimed). Postmodernism, in contemporary Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power. Philosopher John Deely has argued for the contentious claim that the label "postmodern" for thinkers such as Derrida et al. ... et la philosophie postmoderne devient un co-conspirateur dans une société où prédominent les rapports de domination et d’exploitation. Derrida, Jacques; Bass, Alan (2001). Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Enlightenment. Le postmodernisme désigne un mouvement artistique, théorisé par le critique d'art Charles Jencks[1], qui engage une rupture ironique avec les conventions anhistoriques[2] du … Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. Language refers to and represents a reality outside itself. 12Celles-ci ont trait à l’entreprise postmoderne de définition sociale des catégories de modernité et de postmodernité. [7], Postmodern philosophy also has strong relations with the substantial literature of critical theory. For treatment of postmodernism in architecture, see the article Western architecture. Much of Foucault’s writing is not so much philosophy as it is philosophically informed intellectual history. Voir aussi postmodernisme, Postmodernisme (architecture), Littérature postmoderne et postmodernité. The descriptive and explanatory statements of scientists and historians can, in principle, be objectively true or false. Articles from Britannica Encyclopedias for elementary and high school students. La notion sociale et culturelle de modernité que présuppose le discours postmoderne relatif au dépassement de celle-ci manque de détermination. La philosophie postmoderne est un courant philosophique apparu en France dans les années 60 (on parle aussi de French Theory pour qualifier le postmodernisme) Sont associés à ce courant philsoophique : Foucault, Deleuze et Derrida, Althusser, Lyotard, Baudrillard, Guattari, Badiou, Nancy, Sloterdijk en Allemagne; Žižek en Slovénie Writing and Difference (New ed.). Postmodernisme Un qualificatif qui s'applique à toute une panoplie de développements en théorie critique, en philosophie, en architecture, en arts, en littérature et en culture qui se caractérisent généralement soit comme produit du modernisme, soit comme commentaire sur le modernisme. Postmodernism is largely a reaction against the intellectual assumptions and values of the modern period in the history of Western philosophy (roughly, the 17th through the 19th century). Because meanings are in this sense functions of other meanings—which themselves are functions of other meanings, and so on—they are never fully “present” to the speaker or hearer but are endlessly “deferred.” Self-reference characterizes not only natural languages but also the more specialized “discourses” of particular communities or traditions; such discourses are embedded in social practices and reflect the conceptual schemes and moral and intellectual values of the community or tradition in which they are used. Le dogmatisme en philosophie : Définition Le dogmatisme , en philosophie, est le fait d’affirmer sans discussion, sans prouver ce que l’on avance. This article examines the impact of postmodernism on the philosophy of education. Inspired by the work of the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure, postmodernists claim that language is semantically self-contained, or self-referential: the meaning of a word is not a static thing in the world or even an idea in the mind but rather a range of contrasts and differences with the meanings of other words. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. Human beings can acquire knowledge about natural reality, and this knowledge can be justified ultimately on the basis of evidence or principles that are, or can be, known immediately, intuitively, or otherwise with certainty. 1. Postmodernists deny this Enlightenment faith in science and technology as instruments of human progress. Omissions? Postmodern philosophy originated primarily in France during the mid-20th century. "postmodernism (philosophy) (Encyclopædia Britannica)", https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/postmodernism/v-1, "Was Philosopher Paul Feyerabend Really Science's "Worst Enemy"? En 1977, l'un d'eux, Charles Jencks, publie Le Langage de l'architecture postmoderne,l'une des toutes premières utilisations du mot. 5. Some famous thinkers associated with postmodernism are Jean Baudrillard, Gilles Deleuze, Jacques Derrida, Michel Foucault, Pierre-Félix Guattari, Fredric Jameson, Emmanuel Lévinas, Jean-François Lyotard, Richard Rorty, and Slavoj Žižek. "7 :Freud and the Scene of Writing". Derrida himself equated the theoretical tendency toward totality with totalitarianism. The postmodern era has for its distinctive task in philosophy the exploration of a new path, no longer the ancient way of things nor the modern way of ideas, but the way of signs, whereby the peaks and valleys of ancient and modern thought alike can be surveyed and cultivated by a generation which has yet further peaks to climb and valleys to find.[19]. Postmodernism is a philosophy that says absolute truth does not exist. Ces dernières s'inscrivent dans le prolongement du structuralismeet du déconstructivisme, tout en critiquan… Voir aussi Postmodernisme, Postmodernisme (architecture), Post-modernisme (littérature) et Philosophie postmoderne.. La postmodernité est un concept philosophique et intellectuel de la fin du XX e siècle qui tente, après l'effondrement des idéologies de s'inscrire dans le prolongement du structuralisme et du déconstructivisme, tout en critiquant l'héritage du freudisme et du marxisme. Continental philosophy: French Nietzscheanism. Postmodernism is an intellectual stance or mode of discourse defined by an attitude of skepticism toward what it describes as the grand narratives and ideologies of modernism, as well as opposition to epistemic certainty and the stability of meaning. Furthermore, it should be a goal of scientific and historical research to construct such theories, even if they are never perfectly attainable in practice. Postmodernists insist that all, or nearly all, aspects of human psychology are completely socially determined. La pensée postmoderne se situent dans la perspective de surmonter le désenchantement du monde, après la désagrégation des repères culturels ou religieux résultant de la modernité, et l'échec patent des utopies révolutionnaires qu'elle avait porté. Many postmodernists appear to deny that an objective reality exists, and appear to deny that there are objective moral values. Against grand narrative, with its authoritarian connotation… Accuser le postmodernisme de relativisme c’est placer un métarécit dans la bouche du postmoderne. This point also applies to the investigation of past events by historians and to the description of social institutions, structures, or practices by social scientists. For postmodernists, reason and logic too are merely conceptual constructs and are therefore valid only within the established intellectual traditions in which they are used. Derrida, the father of deconstruction, practiced philosophy as a form of textual criticism. Le postmodernisme nous invite ainsi à adopter une position épistémologique qui se définit par une attitude de résistance et de soupçon envers les … Lyotard, Jean-Francois (Postmodernist) 1924 Postmodernism is a sceptically inclined form of philosophy which calls into question the certainties of other discourses, and Lyotard is one of the movement's leading theorists. [5][6] But, for the same reasons, postmodern philosophy should often be particularly skeptical about the complex spectral characteristics of things, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher again cleanly distinguishing concepts, for a concept must be understood in the context of its opposite, such as existence and nothingness, normality and abnormality, speech and writing, and the like. Postmodern philosophy shares ontological similarities with classical skeptical and relativistic belief systems. Indeed, many of the doctrines characteristically associated with postmodernism can fairly be described as the straightforward denial of general philosophical viewpoints that were taken for granted during the 18th-century Enlightenment, though they were not unique to that period. There is such a thing as human nature; it consists of faculties, aptitudes, or dispositions that are in some sense present in human beings at birth rather than learned or instilled through social forces. Some go so far as to say that science and technology—and even reason and logic—are inherently destructive and oppressive, because they have been used by evil people, especially during the 20th century, to destroy and oppress others. ", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Postmodern_philosophy&oldid=991011148, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 27 November 2020, at 20:07. Postmodernism is a late 20th-century movement in philosophy and literary theory that generally questions the basic assumptions of Western philosophy in the modern period (roughly, the 17th century through the 19th century). Voir aussi Postmodernisme, Postmodernisme (architecture), Post-modernisme (littérature) et Philosophie postmoderne.. La postmodernité est un concept philosophique et intellectuel de la fin du XX e siècle qui tente, après l'effondrement des idéologies, de s'inscrire dans le prolongement du structuralisme et du déconstructivisme, tout en critiquant l'héritage du freudisme et du marxisme. La philosophie politique utilise la notion de biopolitique pour analyser cette politique qui prend la vie, toute la vie. Indeed, many postmodernists hold that the misguided (or unguided) pursuit of scientific and technological knowledge led to the development of technologies for killing on a massive scale in World War II. Postmodernists also believe there are no objective moral values. Définitions de postmodernisme. The most important of these viewpoints are the following. Postmodern philosophy is characterized by broad skepticism or relativism and a general suspicion of reason. [3] Postmodern philosophy questions the importance of power relationships, personalization, and discourse in the "construction" of truth and world views. Ainsi, le moderne se contente des formes qu’il connait, il ne se remet pas en cause alors que le postmoderne, les avant-gardes, questionnent et inventent sans cesse. Ainsi, la critique du postmodernisme, dans son ensemble, est sujette à équivoque sur la définition de ce qu’elle est en réalité. Les termes postmoderne et postmodernisme, avec ou sans tiret, utilisés pour définir, tantôt une période, tantôt une esthétique, suscitent bien des interrogations et des controverses. 8. (Philosophie) Relatif à … Postmodernism, also spelled post-modernism, in Western philosophy, a late 20th-century movement characterized by broad skepticism, subjectivism, or relativism; a general suspicion of reason; and an acute sensitivity to the role of ideology in asserting and maintaining political and economic power. [1][2] Postmodernist thinkers developed concepts like difference, repetition, trace, and hyperreality to subvert "grand narratives", univocity of being, and epistemic certainty. As the 20th century ends, there is reason to believe that a new philosophical epoch is dawning along with the new century, promising to be the richest epoch yet for human understanding. Updates? He argued that truth was not about getting it right or representing reality, but was part of a social practice and language was what served our purposes in a particular time; ancient languages are sometimes untranslatable into modern ones because they possess a different vocabulary and are unuseful today. Specifically, it is held that postmodernism can be meaningless, promotes obscurantism and uses relativism (in culture, morality, knowledge) to the extent that it cripples most judgement calls. Many postmodernists deny that there are aspects of reality that are objective or that there are statements about reality that are objectively true or false (implying metaphysical relativism), that it is possible to have knowledge of such statements (implying epistemological skepticism or relativism), and that there are objective, or absolute, moral truths or values (implying ethical subjectivism or relativism). The postmodern denial of this viewpoint—which follows from the rejection of an objective natural reality—is sometimes expressed by saying that there is no such thing as Truth. Two other characteristic postmodern practices are a denial that human nature exists, and a (sometimes moderate) skepticism toward claims that science and technology will change society for the better. The most influential early postmodern philosophers were Jean Baudrillard, Jean-François Lyotard, and Jacques Derrida. Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical movement that arose in the second half of the 20th century as a critical response to assumptions allegedly present in modernist philosophical ideas regarding culture, identity, history, or language that were developed during the 18th-century Enlightenment. 6. Le concept est, selon Kant, ce qui unifie le divers de la sensation. En architecture, mouvement contemporain fondé sur la remise en cause des théories modernistes et de l'emprise, durant un demi-siècle, du style international. Die Postmoderne richtet sich gegen den Fortschrittsglauben als ein Merkmal der Moderne und gegen die Tendenz der Vereinheitlichung in allen Bereichen des Lebens. Such reality as there is, according to postmodernists, is a conceptual construct, an artifact of scientific practice and language. postmoderne - Définitions Français : Retrouvez la définition de postmoderne... - synonymes, homonymes, difficultés, citations. Les philosophes modernes nomment le concept une « idée » ou représentation de l'esprit, singulière (perceptive) ou bien qui abrège et résume une multiplicité d'objets empiriques ou mentaux par abstraction et généralisation de traits communs identifiables. .. Brian Duignan is a senior editor at Encyclopædia Britannica. Le postmoderne décide donc de faire de l’imprésentable sa composante principale à l’inverse du moderne qui le cache. It is possible, at least in principle, to construct general theories that explain many aspects of the natural or social world within a given domain of knowledge—e.g., a general theory of human history, such as dialectical materialism. [1], The Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy states that "The assumption that there is no common denominator in 'nature' or 'truth' ... that guarantees the possibility of neutral or objective thought" is a key assumption of postmodernism. Political philosophy - Political philosophy - Foucault and postmodernism: The work of the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault (1926–84) has implications for political philosophy even though it does not directly address the traditional issues of the field. En philosophie, le postmodernisme devient sujet de débat en 1979 avec la publication de l'ouvrage de Jean-François Lyotard, La Condition postmoderne, que l'auteur caractérise par la perte de crédibilité et le déclin des métarécits qui sous-tendent le discours philosophique de la modernité. In today's society, postmodernism has led to relativism, the idea that all truth is relative. [18] Writes Deely, The epoch of Greek and Latin philosophy was based on being in a quite precise sense: the existence exercised by things independently of human apprehension and attitude. [3] Paul Feyerabend, one of the most famous twentieth-century philosophers of science, is often classified as a postmodernist; Feyerabend held that modern science is no more justified than witchcraft, and has denounced the "tyranny" of "abstract concepts such as 'truth', 'reality', or 'objectivity', which narrow people's vision and ways of being in the world". Ermarth, Elizabeth Deeds. Les apparences visuelles des réalisations dans ce style sont caractérisées par une chose imprévisible et un chaos contrôlé. Ses liens forts avec le marché de l’art commercial ont toutefois soulevé des questions, à la fois sur son statut de mouvement postmoderne et sur la définition du postmodernisme lui-même. Les philosophes ont cru pouvoir parvenir à établir des normes de la connaissance ou de la justification des croyances, ou … Dictionnaire avec le plus possible d'information: Définition du mot postmoderne avec sens, explication et signification (wiki). Il revendique la philosophie postmoderne qu'il associe à du design non linéaire, à des thèmes comme la géométrie non euclidienne. He suggested that in the wake of the collapse of modern metanarratives, people are developing a new "language-game"—one that does not make claims to absolute truth but rather celebrates a world of ever-changing relationships (among people and between people and the world). [9][10] Postmodern writings often focus on deconstructing the role that power and ideology play in shaping discourse and belief. Postmodern philosophy also drew from the world of the arts and architecture, particularly Marcel Duchamp, John Cage and artists who practiced collage, and the architecture of Las Vegas and the Pompidou Centre. [11] The National Research Council has characterized the belief that "social science research can never generate objective or trustworthy knowledge" as an example of a postmodernist belief. The postmodern era is positioned to synthesize at a higher level—the level of experience, where the being of things and the activity of the finite knower compenetrate one another and provide the materials whence can be derived knowledge of nature and knowledge of culture in their full symbiosis—the achievements of the ancients and the moderns in a way that gives full credit to the preoccupations of the two. Many postmodernists hold one or more of the following views: (1) there is no objective reality; (2) there is no scientific or historical truth (objective truth); (3) science and technology (and even reason and logic) are not vehicles of human progress but suspect instruments of established power; (4) reason and logic are not universally valid; (5) there is no such thing as human nature (human behavior and psychology are socially determined or constructed); (6) language does not refer to a reality outside itself; (7) there is no certain knowledge; and (8) no general theory of the natural or social world can be valid or true (all are illegitimate “metanarratives”). An analytic philosopher, Rorty believed that combining Willard Van Orman Quine's criticism of the analytic-synthetic distinction with Wilfrid Sellars's critique of the "Myth of the Given" allowed for an abandonment of the view of the thought or language as a mirror of a reality or external world. [13][14][15] Feyerabend also defended astrology, adopted alternative medicine, and sympathized with creationism. He argued that modern philosophies legitimized their truth-claims not (as they themselves claimed) on logical or empirical grounds, but rather on the grounds of accepted stories (or "metanarratives") about knowledge and the world—comparing these with Wittgenstein's concept of language-games. Postmodernists dismiss this idea as a kind of naive realism. Ring in the new year with a Britannica Membership, https://www.britannica.com/topic/postmodernism-philosophy, The Basics of Philosophy - Post-Modernism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Postmodernism, Postmodernism - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). The much briefer epoch of modern philosophy based itself rather on the instruments of human knowing, but in a way that unnecessarily compromised being. 7. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). Criticisms of postmodernism, while intellectually diverse, share the opinion that it lacks coherence and is hostile to notions such as truth, logic, and objectivity. Donald Davidson is not usually considered a postmodernist, although he and Rorty have both acknowledged that there are few differences between their philosophies.[20][21]. Postmodernism, 1998. Insofar as the "so-called" postmoderns follow the thoroughly modern trend of idealism, it is more an ultramodernism than anything else. 2. Postmodernists reject metanarratives because they reject the concept of truth that metanarratives presuppose. Through the use of reason and logic, and with the more specialized tools provided by science and technology, human beings are likely to change themselves and their societies for the better. Definition. Supporters of postmodernism deny long-held beliefs and conventions and maintain that all viewpoints are equally valid. This line of development culminated in The Postmodern Condition (1979), where the notion of universal theories was dismissed out of hand, the argument being that such 'grand narratives' (for example Marxism) had lost all credibility. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. D’une manière générale, on peut dire que le postmoderne est associé au culte de l’individualité, à l’absence d’intérêt […] Although some postmodernists reject the relativist label, many postmodern doctrines constitute or imply some form of relativism. Following Nietzsche, Foucault argued that knowledge is produced through the operations of power, and changes fundamentally in different historical periods. In der Architektur bedeutet Pos According to postmodernists, language is not such a “mirror of nature,” as the American pragmatist philosopher Richard Rorty characterized the Enlightenment view. Davidson, D., 1986, "A Coherence Theory of Truth and Knowledge," Truth And Interpretation, Perspectives on the Philosophy of Donald Davidson, ed. Postmodernism Definition . 3. A postmodernism that lives up to its name, therefore, must no longer confine itself to the premodern preoccupation with "things" nor with the modern confinement to "ideas", but must come to terms with the way of signs embodied in the semiotic doctrines of such thinkers as the Portuguese philosopher John Poinsot and the American philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce. La postmodernité, aussi connue sous le nom de postmodernité, est un concept très large qui renvoie à une tendance de la culture, de l’art et de la philosophie qui a émergé à la fin du XXe siècle. Postmodernists reject philosophical foundationalism—the attempt, perhaps best exemplified by the 17th-century French philosopher René Descartes’s dictum cogito, ergo sum (“I think, therefore I am”), to identify a foundation of certainty on which to build the edifice of empirical (including scientific) knowledge. La philosophie postmoderne valorise plutôt le dialogue entre savoirs diversifiés où aucun n’accède à un statut privilégié (34). Lyotard's statement in 1984 that "I define postmodern as incredulity toward meta-narratives" extends to incredulity toward science. Reason and logic are universally valid—i.e., their laws are the same for, or apply equally to, any thinker and any domain of knowledge. His subject areas include philosophy, law, social science, politics, political theory, and religion. He criticized Western philosophy as privileging the concept of presence and logos, as opposed to absence and markings or writings. These theories are pernicious not merely because they are false but because they effectively impose conformity on other perspectives or discourses, thereby oppressing, marginalizing, or silencing them. This article discusses postmodernism in philosophy. La philosophie postmoderne est un mouvement philosophique apparu dans la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle comme une réponse critique aux hypothèses supposées dans les idées philosophiques modernistes concernant la culture, l’identité, l’histoire ou le langage qui ont été développées pendant les Lumières du 18ème siècle. The writings of Lyotard were largely concerned with the role of narrative in human culture, and particularly how that role has changed as we have left modernity and entered a "postindustrial" or postmodern condition. En conséquence, si la définition de la philosophie suppose les métarécits, le postmodernisme est “ postphilosophique ” 19. Lecture audio. Jacques Derrida, who is generally identified as a postmodernist, stated that "every referent, all reality has the structure of a differential trace". [3], Postmodern philosophy is often particularly skeptical about simple binary oppositions characteristic of structuralism, emphasizing the problem of the philosopher cleanly distinguishing knowledge from ignorance, social progress from reversion, dominance from submission, good from bad, and presence from absence. Au même moment, Jencks bricole à Cape Cod le Garagia Rotunda. 1.3 La fin de la philosophie; 1.4 La fin du sujet; 2 Vidéo : Qu’est-ce qu’être postmoderne; Les postmodernes et l’idée de « fin » La fin de l’épistémologie. By signing up for this email, you are agreeing to news, offers, and information from Encyclopaedia Britannica. Hal Foster déclare que le néo-expressionnisme était complice des politiques culturelles conservatrices de … ... Il propose immédiatement une définition du concept « postmoderne » : « En simplifiant à l’extrême, on tient pour « postmoderne » l’incrédulité à l’égard des métarécits. A postmodernist then tolerates multiple conceptions of morality, even if he or she disagrees with them subjectively. He further argued that in our postmodern condition, these metanarratives no longer work to legitimize truth-claims. Philosophie moderne : du concept à l'idée. Michel Foucault is also often cited as an early postmodernist although he personally rejected that label. In the United States, the most famous pragmatist and self-proclaimed postmodernist was Richard Rorty. L'architecture postmoderne. [1], Jean-François Lyotard defined philosophical postmodernism in The Postmodern Condition, writing "Simplifying to the extreme, I define postmodern as incredulity towards meta narratives...."[4] where what he means by metanarrative is something like a unified, complete, universal, and epistemically certain story about everything that is. On applique le qualificatif de dogmatisme à toute doctrine qui part d’une certitude préalable ou même toute doctrine qui aboutit à une certitude. Dans La condition postmoderne, Jean-François Lyotard s'efforce de définir la spécificité de l'esthétique et de l'heuristique des philosophies postmodernes. Postmodernist philosophers in general argue that truth is always contingent on historical and social context rather than being absolute and universal and that truth is always partial and "at issue" rather than being complete and certain. It was greatly influenced by the writings of Søren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche in the 19th century and other early-to-mid 20th-century philosophers, including phenomenologists Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger, psychoanalyst Jacques Lacan, structuralist Roland Barthes, Georges Bataille, and the later work of Ludwig Wittgenstein. [8], Many postmodern claims are a deliberate repudiation of certain 18th-century Enlightenment values. Instead, reality, knowledge, and value are constructed by “discourses” (shared linguistic practices) and can vary with them. There is an objective natural reality, a reality whose existence and properties are logically independent of human beings—of their minds, their societies, their social practices, or their investigative techniques. London: Routledge. Postmoderne Definition Die Postmoderne ist ein Begriff aus den 1930er und 1940er Jahren; sie gilt als Antwort auf die Moderne. However, several philosophical antecedents inform many of postmodern philosophy's concerns. Defenders of postmodernism state that many descriptions of postmodernism exaggerate its antipathy to science; for example, Feyerabend denied that he was "anti-science", accepted that some scientific theories are superior to other theories (even if science itself is not superior to other modes of inquiry), and attempted conventional medical treatments during his fight against cancer.[13][16][17]. 4. is premature.

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