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In total, 76,000 Jews were deported from France to the concentration camps, most of them passing through the Drancy detention center outside Paris. René Bousquet (French: [ʁəne buske]; 11 May 1909 – 8 June 1993) was a high-ranking French political appointee who served as secretary general to the Vichy regime police from May 1942 to 31 December 1943. À propos de Donald Trump et de « l’Année Mitterrand ». Der Papa hatte ihn gar nicht wirklich gewollt. Introduction : La France, un pays qui a une longue histoire Bousquet represented the loyal, efficient, technocratic elite whose role was to conform to the authority in place and enact its legislation. In 1992, the Paris Court of Appeal ruled that Touvier could not be charged with crimes against humanity, since atrocities committed by individuals under Vichy rule did not fit the legal definition of such crimes. : "Bousquet, Papon, Touvier, inculpés de crimes contre l'humanité". On February 9 the following year, Papon’s police attacked a demonstration that the French Communist Party had organized in response to terror attacks by the Secret Army Organization, which was bent on obstructing Algerian independence at all costs. 29 Petit-neveu du prsident Mitterrand, le dput sortant socialiste, Jrme Lambert, a t battu, dans la 3 e CIRC., par le RPR Henri de Riche-mont, maire d'Etagnac : le premier n'avait reu qu'une aide modeste de ses amis : 30000 F, de son parti : 66 000 F et de quelques trusts : 70 000 F (dont 50 000 F de Bouy-gues) ; le second gure plus: 76000 F d'amis fortuns, 172 000 F de son parti et 62 … (Affaire Papon, Vichy, Pétain) 3.Les secrets de jeunesse de François Mitterrand. Bousquet had been a state official at the Ministry of Agriculture before the war, and he was put in charge of secret-service files under the Popular Front administration. Bousquet konnte sich aber auf seine Verbindungen verlassen: Freunden, an erster Stelle Staatspräsident Mitterrand, gelang es, das Verfahren bis 1993 hinzuschleppen. Als ob es für sie um ein letztes … Philippe Pétain and Adolf Hitler in 1940. I believe that France is not responsible. Réponse Enregistrer. The terms of the armistice divided France into an occupied zone covering the north and west of the country, and the so-called free zone in the south. Mitterrand’s flirtation with the far right during the 1930s, his employment by Vichy, and his receipt of the Francisque honor for services to the regime had not been secrets as such. In October 1961, Papon took charge of the repression of an Algerian pro-independence demonstration in Paris that went ahead in defiance of the curfew he had imposed. Index. In its wake came a wealth of studies of the occupation, including those by Philippe Burrin, Rod Kedward, John F. Sweets, Pascal Ory, Jean-Pierre Azéma, and Bertram Gordon. 16 réponses. 16 Papon’s immediate superior, the regional prefect of the Bordeaux area, Maurice Sabatier, also faced prosecution in the 1980s but died before an indictment could be completed. Les relations entre François Mitterrand et l'extrême droite sont le thème d'un certain nombre d'ouvrages de la fin des années 1990. François Mitterrand va aussi recruter Jacques Saunier, appelé par René Bousquet en 1942 à la sous-direction des Renseignements généraux. Get our print magazine for just $20 a year. Jewish businesses were taken over or closed down. Opvallend was dat Mitterrand de berechting van Bousquet probeerde te voorkomen, terwijl hij zich niet verzette tegen de vervolging van Maurice Papon. In an extraordinary turn, the Court released a detailed assessment of the Vichy regime that concluded it could not be considered totalitarian, since it was not characterized by the politics of “ideological hegemony,” and only contained some elements that were akin to fascism. Papon served as a top security official, while Bousquet worked at Indochina Bank and helped bankroll French social-democratic politicians. This is not a secret of Mitterrand [but of] the French bourgeoisie and Mitterrand was an emblem of that." He was eventually convicted in 1994, becoming the first French person to be found guilty of crimes against humanity. Unmittelbar vor der entscheidenden Runde der Präsidentenwahl 1981 zwischen Giscard d'Estaing und François Mitterrand machte das satirische Wochenblatt "Le canard enchai^né" die Sache publik. His case, it was assumed, would put Vichy on trial, and raise all the difficult unanswered questions about the continuities between that regime, the prewar Third Republic that came before it, and the postwar Fourth and Fifth Republics that followed in its wake. Influential historical accounts, like Robert Aron’s Histoire de Vichy, depicted Pétain as a “shield” and De Gaulle as a “sword,” each of whom had been necessary in their different ways for the defense of French interests. Maurice Papon : biography September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007 Papon’s trial (1981–1998) Evidence of his responsibility in the Holocaust emerged in 1981, and throughout the 1980s he fought a string of legal battles. Bousquet’s assistant Jean Leguay was the first French citizen indicted for crimes against humanity, in 1979, but he died of cancer in 1989 before coming to trial. Daß bei Maurice Papon die Dinge anders liegen, räumen sogar der Staatsanwalt und die Nebenkläger ein. Les péripéties judiciaires de l'affaire Bousquet-Leguay-Papon ont amené les dirigeants de notre pays à reconnaître progressivement la responsabilité du régime du maréchal Pétain, la responsabilité de l'État français dans la mise en œuvre de la « solution finale » en France. Ils ne cherchaient pas à le savoir en tous les cas. In 1991, Bousquet faced charges for his part in the Winter Velodrome atrocity, and for abolishing regulations that had protected some Jewish children from deportation. There was also the question of other complicities underpinning the failure of state institutions, from the police to the presidency, to bring Touvier to justice in the fifty years since he had first ordered the execution of seven Jewish prisoners. Papon eventually became a Gaullist deputy and mayor and the treasurer of the Gaullist UDR Party. De la barbarie, et des carences de la dénazification ainsi que de celles de la dévichysation. Maurice Papon a certifié q'il ignorait que François Mitterrand avait gardé un contact avec René Bousquet après la guerre. Die Stabübergabe erfolgte beim Papon-Prozess, den "Arno vor einem Freispruch rettete". In April 1942, he became Vichy’s chief of police. Photo: German Federal Archive. Bereits zu Beginn des Prozesses vor sechs Monaten wurde ihm Haftverschonung gewährt. In 1998 he was convicted of crimes against … Nearly 2,000 of those deported were under six years old; over 6,000 were under thirteen. Already on our list? Er war für die französische Vergangenheitsbewältigung von großer Bedeutung. Jusqu'en 1991, René Bousquet était quasiment inconnu du grand public. Je crois que ni De Gaulle ni Mitterrand - qui entretenait des liens avec Bousquet - ne connaissaient le passé de Papon. Quand un ministre de Giscard faisait déporter des […] Papon, Bousquet et Mitterrand : fin d'un « trio » infernal Le décès de Maurice Papon, l'un des rares survivants proches de la mort, évoqués hier dans mon post consacré aux mémoires sélectives, tombe à point nommé pour rafraîchir précisément des mémoires « à géométrie variable » assurément avides de vengeances posthumes, mais The Vichy regime in France was established on July 10, 1940, following the French surrender to Germany. For personal heroism, he had become a protégé of prominent officials before the war and rose rapidly in the government. When he was secretary general for the police in Bordeaux during World War II, he participated in the deportation of more than 1600 Jews. Weitere Informationen: http://epaper.welt.de, Der Kurz-Link dieses Artikels lautet: https://www.welt.de/103758848. For personal heroism, he had become a protégé of prominent officials before the war and rose rapidly in the government. Le Canard enchaîné newspaper published an article titled "Papon, aide de camps. L'ancien ami de René Bousquet fut décoré de la Francisque en 1943, décoration suprême accordée par le Maréchal Pétain. This continued the stance previously adopted by De Gaulle and his successors, who believed that denial was the best way of preserving national unity. In 1958, he became prefect of Paris. Papon’s Exposure. He reasoned that Vichy had broken with the Republic, which therefore bore no responsibility for its crimes: I will not apologize in the name of France. Maurice Papon (* 3.September 1910 in Gretz-Armainvilliers, Département Seine-et-Marne; † 17. Crimes contre l'Humanité : Barbie, Touvier, Bousquet, Papon, Robert Badinter, Sorj Chalandon, Pascale Nivelle, Plon (réédition numérique FeniXX). €€€Like Martine Aubry, Ségolène Royal, Lionel Jospin, and virtually the … As Paxton and Michael Marrus noted in their book Vichy France and the Jews, first published in 1981: When the Germans began systematic deportation and extermination of Jews in 1942, Vichy’s rival antisemitism offered them more substantial help than they found anywhere else in western Europe, and more even than they received from such allies as Hungary and Romania. Mitterrand’s long-standing refusal to apologize on behalf of the French state for the atrocities committed during the Occupation was of greater significance. Le passé parfois trouble du Président (Mazarine) Conclusion : La France se réveille douloureusement et commence a faire face à son passé parfois douteux. But, in … Maurice Papon (French pronunciation: [moʁis papɔ̃]; 3 September 1910 – 17 February 2007) was a French civil servant, leading the police in major prefectures and in Paris during the Nazi Occupation of France and into the 1960s. René Bous­quet was born to a rad­i­cal so­cial­ist no­tary in Mon­tauban, Tarn-et-Garonne. Mitterrand et sa place dans la résistance. It wasn’t until 2013 that the last street sign bearing Philippe Pétain’s name was removed. Papon’s career as a state functionary highlighted a disparity between France’s reckoning with its collaborationist past and its amnesia about the colonial record. Il était socialiste. The regime enacted antisemitic laws of its own volition. In October 1940, the first Jewish statute defined someone as being “of Jewish race” if they had three Jewish grandparents, or two Jewish grandparents and a Jewish spouse. Der Hauptvorwurf lautet vielmehr, in den Jahren 1942 bis 1944 bei der Deportation von 1690 jüdischen Männern, Frauen und Kindern mitgewirkt zu haben. Et même plus respectable que l'ami de Mitterrand René Bousquet, qui, lui, avait les mains encore plus sales que Papon. Mitterrand et sa place dans la résistance. Pétain and his entourage saw the defeat of France and the collapse of the Third Republic as a chance to wipe out the legacy of permissiveness and decadence represented by the left-wing Popular Front government of the 1930s and the French Revolution. How could a high-ranking state official, one who was complicit in the Holocaust, have enjoyed such a successful postwar career? Mitterrand sera accusé d'avoir été l'instigateur d'une mise en scène.. 2. Registrieren Sie sich kostenlos und erhalten Sie auf Ihre Interessen abgestimmte Inhalte sowie unsere vielseitigen Newsletter. 69 Beziehungen. Schon wegen seines hohen Alters und seiner schwachen Gesundheit wird Papon nicht hinter Gitter müssen. Mitterrand, der bis zu seinem Tod jede Verantwortung des französischen Staats für Verbrechen der Vichy-Regierung ablehnte, hatte persönlich dafür gesorgt, dass 1987 ein … Sowohl Barbie als auch Touvier wurden verurteilt und sind inzwischen verstorben. In 2005, there was even a clumsy attempt to insist that school students be taught about the positive aspects of French colonialism. The reinvention of a fascist heritage in contemporary France sharpened and dramatized debates over the occupation. The Vichy regime in France was established on July 10, 1940, following the French surrender to Germany. By the late 1970s, he had been appointed as minister for the budget in Raymond Barre’s government under President Valéry Giscard d’Estaing. This “sublime half-lie,” as Henry Rousso dubbed it, formed the basis for postwar attempts at national reconciliation, symbolized in 1964 by the transfer of the remains of resistance hero Jean Moulin to the Pantheon in an elaborate two-day ceremony. At the end of the war, Touvier went into hiding and received a death sentence in absentia for his part in the deportation and execution of Jewish prisoners. Forced to resign because of allegations of abuses, he became an industrial leader and Gaullist politician. … A second Jewish statute in 1941 reinforced and extended these measures. Our new issue –  on the incoming Biden administration – will be out soon. Papon was charged with crimes against humanity in 1983, but it was 1997 before he finally stood trial, to be convicted in April 1998. Maurice Papon (French pronunciation: [moʁis papɔ̃]; September 3, 1910 – February 17, 2007) was a French civil servant, leading the police in major prefectures and in Paris during the Nazi Occupation of France and into the 1960s. Die Art und Weise allerdings, wie ihn die Klarsfelds führten, wurde von Bernard-Henri Lévy bis Claude Lanzmann heftig kritisiert. Des milliers de livres avec la livraison chez vous en 1 jour ou en magasin avec -5% de réduction . Verhandlungstag, dem traditionellen Schlußwort des Angeklagten und dem Spruch der neun Geschworenen geht heute vor dem Schwurgericht in Bordeaux einer der längsten Prozesse der französischen Justiz-Geschichte zu Ende. Ganz gleich, wie der erst in der Nacht zum Donnerstag erwartete Urteilsspruch auch ausfallen mag - fest steht schon jetzt, daß der wegen Beihilfe zu Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit angeklagte Maurice Papon auf freiem Fuß bleiben wird. Catalyst, a new journal published by Jacobin, is out now. Like Bousquet, Maurice Papon was a high-ranking civil servant. The police under Papon’s command arrested 11,000 Algerians: many of them were beaten to death and thrown in the Seine, with estimates of the total dead ranging from 50 to over 200. Publication ... Bousquet, René (1909-1993)-- Procès Voir les … Details of his wartime role only became public in 1981, when the magazine Le Canard enchaîné published documents uncovered by the historian Michel Bergès. The Republic has nothing to do with that. René Bousquet (French: [ʁəne buske]; 11 May 1909 – 8 June 1993) was a high-ranking French political appointee who served as secretary general to the Vichy regime police from May 1942 to 31 December 1943. Like Bousquet, Maurice Papon was a high-ranking civil servant.

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